Nathania'sIGCSEBiology http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com IGCSEBIOLOGY posterous.com Mon, 18 Jun 2012 05:00:00 -0700 5.10 & 5.11 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/510-511 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/510-511

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Mon, 30 Apr 2012 04:33:00 -0700 2.44, 2.45, 2.46 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/244-245-246 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/244-245-246

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Mon, 02 Apr 2012 06:06:00 -0700 2.49, 2.50 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/249-250 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/249-250

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Mon, 19 Mar 2012 06:38:30 -0700 2.79,2.80,2.81 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/279280281 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/279280281

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Mon, 12 Mar 2012 16:50:00 -0700 3.3a 3.3b & 3.4 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/33a-33b-34 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/33a-33b-34

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Mon, 12 Mar 2012 16:50:00 -0700 3.6 & 3.7 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/36-37 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/36-37

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Mon, 27 Feb 2012 03:46:00 -0800 2.51,2.52,2.53,2.54,2.55 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/251252253254255 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/251252253254255

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Wed, 15 Feb 2012 20:46:00 -0800 2.39, 2.40, 2.41, 2.42 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/239-240-241-242 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/239-240-241-242

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Mon, 06 Feb 2012 04:55:00 -0800 2.20 Leaf adaptations in leaf for photosynthesis http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/220-leaf-adaptations-in-leaf-for-photosynthes http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/220-leaf-adaptations-in-leaf-for-photosynthes

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Mon, 23 Jan 2012 01:32:00 -0800 2.17, 2.18, 2.19 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/217-218-219 http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/217-218-219

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Mon, 07 Nov 2011 07:15:00 -0800 2.36 Anaerobic Respiration http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/236-anaerobic-respiration http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/236-anaerobic-respiration

recall the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and in animals

Animal Cells

Screen_shot_2011-11-07_at_10

Plants Cells

Screen_shot_2011-11-07_at_10

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Mon, 07 Nov 2011 07:05:00 -0800 2.35 Aerobic Respiration http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/235-aerobic-respiration http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/235-aerobic-respiration

recall the word equation and the balanced chemical symbol equation for aerobic respiration in living organisms

  • glucose and oxygen is a substarate because respiration is an enzyme reaction  

Glucose + Oxygen ---------------> Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water

  • Energy is movement and growth and sensitivity
  • Carbon dioxide is a waste that needs to be excreeted
    Screen_shot_2011-11-07_at_10
    Screen_shot_2011-11-07_at_10

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Mon, 07 Nov 2011 06:57:00 -0800 2.34 Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/234-aerobic-and-anaerobic-respiration http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/234-aerobic-and-anaerobic-respiration

describe the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Aerobic

  • A cell carrying out aerobic respiration will break down food molecules and realise the energry whcih requirs a enzyme system. 
  • It requires the cell to have oxygen
  • Cell will also excreet carbon dioxide

Anaerobic

  • Does not need oxygen
  • The amount of energy realised is less
    Screen_shot_2011-11-07_at_10

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Mon, 07 Nov 2011 06:43:00 -0800 2.33 Respiration http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/233-respiration http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/233-respiration

recall that the process of respiration releases energy in living organism

  • Energy is contained within food molecules.
  • Energy is released by enzyme systems which takes place in the cytoplasm
  • Engery is used for useful processes such as growth, sensitivity and cell division
  • this process of respiration takes place inside a cell, like a plant cell and animal cell

Screen_shot_2011-11-07_at_9

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Mon, 31 Oct 2011 21:57:00 -0700 2.10 Effect of pH on the rate of reaction http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/210-effect-of-ph-on-the-rate-of-reaction http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/210-effect-of-ph-on-the-rate-of-reaction

Understand how the functioning of enzymes can be affected by  changes in pH

Screen_shot_2011-11-01_at_11
Optinum pH is not necessarily always 7

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Mon, 31 Oct 2011 21:36:00 -0700 2.9 Effect of Temperature on the rate of the reaction http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/29-effect-of-temperature-on-the-rate-of-the-r http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/29-effect-of-temperature-on-the-rate-of-the-r

Understand how the functioning of enzymes can be affected by changes in temperature

1) Increase temperature then increase in the average kinetic energy to particles

2) Increase of kinetic energy, increase in collisions having more reactions

Enzymes + substrate -> Enzymes Substrate -> Enzyme + product form

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Mon, 31 Oct 2011 02:17:00 -0700 2.8a Enzymes http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/28a-enzymes http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/28a-enzymes

Understand the role of enzymes as biological catalysts in metabolic reactions

  • As a catalyst the enzymes make the reactions go faster
  • Metabolic reaction is biological reactions taking place in the cell. Building molecules up or breaking them down

Screen_shot_2011-10-31_at_4
Screen_shot_2011-10-31_at_4

RED: Enzyme

SHAPE: Protein

(b) Active Site

(c) fits in B (forms a structure)

(d) Activated complex. Enzymes able to weaken structure

(f) Products emerge

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Mon, 31 Oct 2011 02:11:00 -0700 2.8b Enzyme Reactions http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/28b-enzyme-reactions http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/28b-enzyme-reactions

Understand the role of enzymes as biological catalysts in metabolic reactions

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Mon, 31 Oct 2011 02:04:00 -0700 2.7 Test Starch and Glucose http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/27-test-starch-and-glucose http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/27-test-starch-and-glucose

Describe the test for glucose and starch

GLUCOSE:

  • Get glucose powder and dissolve it in a test tube with water
  • Add Benedict Reagent (blue)
  • Take it and place it in a water bath ( temperate of water bath should be around 60 degrees centegrade)
  • After 2/3 minutes remove the test tube
  • The colour should change from blue to orange
    Screen_shot_2011-10-31_at_4

IF the solution of glucose is weak, the solution would be green

 

STARCH

  • Get starch powder and add some in a spotting tail
  • Add Iodine Solution (Pottasium Iodide)
  • Solution should change from brown to dark blue or black

Screen_shot_2011-10-31_at_4

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Mon, 31 Oct 2011 01:52:00 -0700 2.6 Biological Molecules http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/26-biological-molecules http://nathaniabiology.posterous.com/26-biological-molecules

Describe the structure of carbohydrates proteins and lipids as large molecules made up from small basic units: starch and glycogen from simple sugar, protein from amino acids: lipids from fatty acid and glycerol

Screen_shot_2011-10-31_at_3

- Starch is a chain of glucose molecules

Screen_shot_2011-10-31_at_3

- Protein is a chain of amino acids

Screen_shot_2011-10-31_at_3

- Lipids have 2 different kinds of molecules (gycerol and fatty acids) they are joint together

 

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